Heart Health 101

About 6.5 million Americans are living with heart disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men and women of most racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.2 Lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise play a big role in who gets heart disease. But other health conditions play a role too. Heart disease is more common in people with certain long-term medical issues such as diabetes, psoriatic arthritis, or lupus.3-5 Plus, some cancer medications can damage your heart muscle.1 Why improve heart health? Improving your heart health can go a long way toward making you feel better and having more energy. In addition, many heart-healthy habits reduce the risk of other diseases, such as cancer and stroke. Looking and feeling better maybe a welcome outcome of maintaining a healthy weight and quitting smoking, 2 of the lifestyle changes that help your heart. Monitoring conditions and medications There are risk factors for heart disease that we can’t control. This includes certain genes, conditions we are born with, or infections we may get. The good news is that there are many areas where we do have control. Our daily habits have a major impact on our hearts. That means we have the power to improve our heart health with several different lifestyle choices. Even small changes can help. One way to keep your heart as healthy as possible is to manage your drugs and medical conditions. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes pose major risks for heart disease and stroke. Keeping your blood pressure in a healthy range reduces strain on all of your blood vessels, your heart, and your kidneys.6 Likewise, controlling your blood sugar and your cholesterol is important for heart health. Monitoring these conditions, staying in touch with your doctor, and taking your drugs regularly are important for protecting your heart. This can be challenging, especially if you are feeling depressed or if you experience unpleasant side effects. Seeking social support and communicating with your healthcare team can help.7 Choose healthy food and drinks Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, and other high-fiber foods contributes to heart health. Choosing healthy foods also helps you maintain your weight, which is another key factor in protecting your heart. Other ideas for making healthy food choices include:8 Limiting sweetened drinks, cured meats or lunch meats, processed foods, added sugars, full-fat milk and cheese, eggs, and tropical oils like palm and coconut. Avoiding trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils, which can be found in fried foods and commercially prepared baked goods. Choosing unsaturated oils, like olive oil and avocado oil. Reading labels to watch for hidden sodium, saturated fats, and added sugar. Cooking at home more often. Other helpful tips Walking, weight training, making it a point to get up and move throughout the day, and setting goals that motivate you to keep working harder can also be of help. Being physically active can provide a big boost. Even small amounts of physical activity can help your heart. This includes housekeeping and gardening. Experts recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of intense activity spread throughout the week.9 Quitting smoking is another extremely important action to take and the benefits are profound and happen quickly. Smoking is responsible for one-third of the deaths caused by heart disease. But within 1 year of quitting, your risk of heart disease and cancer goes down by half.10 Smoking is addictive, so it can be challenging to quit. But more than 1 million people successfully quit each year. The benefits improve more than your heart health, because quitting reduces the risk of cancer, makes it easier to be physically active, and protects your loved ones from the health risks of second-hand smoke.10 [lead_gen showIfLoggedIn="0" campaign="shortcode" source="site"] Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that can form in a deep vein. It usually occurs in the legs but can occur in other parts of the body.1,2 DVT can be very serious. If a blood clot in a vein breaks loose, it can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in the lungs. This can block blood flow. When this happens, it is called pulmonary embolism (PE).1,2 More than 200,000 people develop DVT in the United States every year. About one-quarter of those cases result in a PE. When DVT and PE happen together, it is called venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTEs are the third most common cause of death, after heart attack and stroke.1,2 People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at an increased risk for VTE. Studies have shown that people with RA are twice as likely to develop VTE compared to those without RA.3 What are the risk factors for DVT? There are many risk factors for DVT, including:1,2 Having damage to a vein caused by surgery, injury, or infection Being over 60 years old Taking certain drugs, such as birth control pills or drugs that replace hormones Being pregnant Being a smoker Having cancer Being overweight Having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Having a genetic blood clotting disorder Having had a previous DVT or a family history of DVT Another major risk factor for DVT is inactivity. When you do not use your leg muscles, the blood flow in your legs decreases. This increases your risk of DVT. People who have surgery, are on bed rest, or travel on long flights are more likely to develop DVT.1,2 DVT can occur even if you have no risk factors. Knowing the symptoms of DVT is important to help you avoid related health problems (complications) such as PE.1 What are the symptoms of DVT? DVT can occur with no symptoms at all. Only about half of people with DVT experience symptoms. Symptoms can include:1,2 Leg pain, cramping, or soreness Leg swelling Feeling of warmth in your leg Redness or other changes to the skin color of the leg How is DVT diagnosed? Doctors diagnose DVT with the help of the following tests:1,2 D-Dimer – A blood test that measures a piece of a protein (D-Dimer) that your body makes when a blood clot dissolves Coagulation blood tests – Blood tests that provide information about your body’s ability to clot Ultrasound of your leg veins If you have an ultrasound that does not show DVT, your doctor may order a repeat ultrasound in 1 to 2 weeks or repeat blood tests as needed.2 How is DVT treated? Treatment for DVT includes drugs that can break down or prevent blood clots (anticoagulation drugs). Treatment with these drugs usually lasts 3 to 6 months. If the DVT occurs more than once, 12 months of treatment may be needed. People with cancer need long-term treatment.2 Many people recover from DVT with no complications. However, they have a high risk of developing another DVT.2 How can DVT be prevented? Prevention is key for DVT. These lifestyle changes can help prevent DVT:1,2 Keep moving. This is especially important if you have had surgery or are on bed rest. Try to move as early and as often as you can. If you are traveling, take breaks, stand, and stretch your legs. Exercise. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day. Don’t smoke. Maintain a healthy weight. If you notice symptoms of DVT, call your doctor and get started with treatment right away. [lead_gen showIfLoggedIn="0" campaign="shortcode" source="site"] Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is an irregular heart rhythm caused by random electrical activity. During Afib, the heart’s upper chambers beat too fast and do not contract properly. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and a feeling of “fluttering” or “flopping” in the chest.1 The irregular rhythm does not allow your heart to pump blood. This increases the risk of blood clots because the blood is not moving through your body. If left untreated, Afib can lead to more serious medical problems, such as:1 Stroke Heart attack Other heart issues Treatment for Afib can include drugs to slow your heart rate or restore your normal heart rhythm. If drugs do not work, your doctor may recommend an ablation. During an ablation, heat or cold energy creates scars to block the random electrical signals. This restores a normal heartbeat.1 How are ablation procedures performed? Ablation procedures are mostly performed through catheter ablation. A catheter ablation is where your heart doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) through a blood vessel. The catheter is then guided to your heart and used to deliver hot or cold energy to block irregular rhythms.2 A less common ablation procedure is a surgical ablation. This is for people who are already undergoing heart surgery for other reasons and who are in need of an ablation.2 What can I expect? The risks and benefits of an ablation should be discussed with your doctor to decide if it is right for you. If you choose to move forward with an ablation, here is what you should expect:2 Before your procedure, your doctor may order additional testing. Your doctor will also provide you with instructions on what drugs to continue or stop prior to your procedure. You will also be asked to stop eating and drinking the night before.2 Once you arrive for your procedure, the medical staff will get you ready for the procedure. Your doctor may give you a drug to help you relax (a sedative). Most people receive a light sedative, but others may require drugs to put them fully to sleep (general anesthesia).2 The procedure can take from 3 to 6 hours to complete. If there are complications, the procedure may take longer.2 You may experience slight discomfort:2 During movement of the catheter into the heart When the dye is injected When the cold or heat energy is delivered Tell your doctor immediately if you begin to feel short of breath or severe pain.2 After the ablation is completed, you are taken to a recovery area where you are monitored for complications. Your doctor monitors:2 Any bleeding at the site where the catheter was inserted Your blood pressure Your heart rhythm People who undergo catheter ablation may be sent home on the day of the procedure, depending on their condition. Some may need to stay in the hospital for further monitoring. Most people who have a surgical ablation spend about a week in the hospital.2,3 Can my symptoms return after an ablation? Most people see an increase in quality of life after having an ablation. You may experience irregular heart rhythms after your ablation. This can be common after a heart procedure and can take some time to stop. Your doctor may recommend taking drugs to prevent or treat these rhythms until they stop.2,3 Afib can return after an ablation. If this occurs, and other treatments are not working, your doctor may recommend a repeat ablation.2 Keep in mind that having an ablation does not decrease the risk of stroke. Talk to your doctor about blood thinners and whether you need to take them to reduce your risk. You should also discuss the risks and benefits of ablation with your doctor to decide if it is right for you.2 [lead_gen showIfLoggedIn="0" campaign="shortcode" source="site"] Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a medical term for the most common type of heart disease. It is the leading cause of death in the United States and around the world.1-3 CAD develops when fat and cholesterol deposits, called plaque, build up in the arteries. This makes the arteries more narrow and the blood vessel walls thicker and less flexible.3-4 What causes coronary artery disease? The buildup of plaque is called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis usually develops over time; however, it can happen quickly and unexpectedly if a blood clot breaks away and blocks an artery.4 Atherosclerosis reduces the amount of blood flow so there are fewer nutrients and oxygen to sustain the body. Coronary artery disease is sometimes called ischemia, which means inadequate blood flow.5 When plaque builds up in arteries that supply blood to the heart, less blood reaches the heart muscle. This can trigger symptoms such as chest pain or pressure (angina). It can also play a role in high blood pressure. CAD can cause a heart attack if an artery becomes completely blocked and no blood can get through to feed the heart.3 CAD can lead to heart failure and heart rhythm problems called arrhythmias. If this happens, the heart is unable to pump blood the way that it should because the heart muscle gets weak.4 How is coronary artery disease diagnosed? Regular health checkups generally include an evaluation of your heart and your risk factors for heart disease. From the time you are young, your doctor may measure blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, and sometimes sugar levels. Children who are overweight, inactive, or have poor eating habits are at risk of developing CAD. A family history of heart disease or being a smoker also increases your risk.4 What you eat and your physical activity level in childhood can influence whether you develop plaque deposits. These can be seen early on in life.5-6 Doctors often recommend steps to achieve a healthy lifestyle to prevent or delay the onset of CAD.5 What are the risk factors for coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease develops due to a mix of lifestyle changes, environment, and genetics.1 Some of these risks can be controlled such as diet and exercise. Risk factors that cannot be controlled include age, gender, race, and genetics. Post-menopausal women and men over age 45 have increased risk.3,5,6 The main risk factors for CAD include cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, obesity, and stress. Cholesterol is a type of fat in the blood. It is made up of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad cholesterol” and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), or “good cholesterol.” High levels of LDL and low levels of HDL can lead to CAD. Higher levels of HDL are thought to protect the heart because it carries cholesterol to the liver where it is removed from the body.6 What are the symptoms of coronary artery disease? As coronary arteries narrow from plaque buildup, the oxygen-rich blood supply to the heart decreases.6 In the beginning, you may not notice any symptoms. However, as CAD progresses, you may feel symptoms when you are active, and your heart is working harder. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and a heart attack. How is coronary artery disease treated? Many different kinds of drugs may be prescribed to treat CAD. The drugs your doctor prescribes will depend on whether you need to be treated for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, or decreased blood flow. Surgery may be needed when blood vessels to the heart become blocked.8 Catheter-based techniques include angioplasty and stent placement. Other surgery includes coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.7 Can coronary artery disease be prevented? Like other kinds of heart disease, CAD may be prevented or delayed with diet and exercise and lifestyle changes.3 There are steps everyone can take to help lower their risk for most kinds of heart disease, including:7 Eating a heart-healthy diet Increasing physical activity to a minimum of 30 minutes a day Keeping any high blood pressure and diabetes under control Not smoking, or quit smoking Managing stress [lead_gen showIfLoggedIn="0" campaign="shortcode" source="site"],Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death around the world. Managing risk for CAD and understanding its signs and symptoms are important parts of a treatment plan. Prevention and treatment go hand in hand. Making lifestyle changes is the first step in treating CAD. Drugs or surgery may be needed.1,2 Healthy eating The basics of healthy living form the core concepts of treating CAD. Many of the benefits of a heart-healthy lifestyle impact one another.2-5 Eat a heart-healthy diet. There are many recommended diets such as the Mediterranean, keto, or DASH. But you can’t go wrong with these basic steps: More fruits and vegetables Whole grains, nuts, and legumes Reduce bad fats by not eating fried or processed foods Low-fat proteins like fish and poultry Limit intake of salt, sugar, red meat, alcohol and white starches Avoid or limit caffeine and alcohol Other lifestyle changes Get regular exercise. Leading an active lifestyle can help you live longer. Benefits may include:2,4 Improving blood pressure and cholesterol levels Weight control Better management of diabetes and other health conditions Don’t smoke. We already know smoking isn’t good for the lungs, but it can damage the blood vessels of the heart as well. Manage stress. Long-term stress contributes to several negative health effects, including coronary artery disease.2 Stress causes the body to release hormones that cause the heart to speed up. This creates a racing feeling and makes the heart work harder. Manage weight. Diet and exercise are key. Being overweight makes other risk factors for CAD worse.2,4 Manage blood pressure. Controlling blood pressure helps reduce hardening of the arteries which can narrow the channel for blood flow.2,4 Keep diabetes and cholesterol under control. High cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of plaque formation. Together with blood sugar management you can help reduce the risk of complications for heart disease.2,4 Drugs to treat CAD There are many different kinds of drugs to treat coronary artery disease:2,3,5,6 Cholesterol medications - there are a range of cholesterol-lowering medications. Some common ones include statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, resins, and lipid-lowering therapies like niacin and fibrates. Aspirin - a daily aspirin or another blood thinner can reduce the ability of the blood to clot. This may help prevent buildup in the coronary arteries. Beta-blockers - these drugs slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure which can lower the heart's demand for oxygen. Calcium channel blockers - these drugs can help improve symptoms of chest pain and are used in combination with or instead of beta-blockers. Ranolazine - prescribed to treat chest pain (angina), it improves blood flow to help the heart work more efficiently. Nitroglycerin - controls chest pain by temporarily widening the coronary arteries and reducing the heart's demand for blood. Nitroglycerin can quickly relieve pain or discomfort. ACE inhibitors - vasodilators work to lower blood pressure by widening blood vessels. This improves blood flow which makes it easier for the heart to work properly. These drugs also block the effects of harmful stress hormones. ARBs - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are an alternative for ACE inhibitors and offer similar benefits. Be sure to follow the instructions for each drug that you take. Do not stop taking any drug, even if you are feeling better.3,6 Report any sudden change in the way you feel to your healthcare team. Procedures to treat CAD There are different kinds of procedures available to treat more severe CAD.2,3,7 Cardiac catheterization is performed as a diagnostic tool to identify coronary blockages or to evaluate the pressures and cardiac output of the heart. A long thin catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin or arm which is threaded up through the arteries around the heart. Contrast or dye is injected, and x-rays are taken to see if there are blockages in the arteries.7 Catheterization is also used for certain procedures like coronary angioplasty or stenting if blockages are found. A stent is a wire mesh tube that is permanently placed in a blocked coronary artery. It is a minimally invasive procedure done by catheterization. The stent is placed on the end of the wire that is guided into the blocked coronary artery.7 When in place, a balloon inflates to press the stent open to widen the blocked artery. It is permanently positioned in the artery to reduce the chance of another blockage developing.1-2 Multiple stents can be placed in the same artery and in separate arteries. The goal is to relieve chest pain and improve blood flow to the heart. Coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a common open-heart surgery that reroutes blood flow around a clogged artery. The procedure uses healthy arteries or veins taken from other parts of the body, called grafts.7 A surgeon sews them into the aorta and then into the coronary artery to bypass the blockage. This improves the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. Bypass surgery reduces the risk of a heart attack and improves the ability to engage in physical activity.2 [lead_gen showIfLoggedIn="0" campaign="shortcode" source="site"]

Heart Health 101

How to Improve Heart Health

What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

What Is an Ablation for AFib?

Is AFib Genetic?

What Is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

How is Coronary Artery Disease Treated?

What is AFib?

What is the Most Common Symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease?

What Are the Early Signs and Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease?

What Are the Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?

What Causes Peripheral Artery Disease?